A Financial Statement Analysis Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1736 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The financial statements are the end product of the financial accounting process. The financial statements means presenting financial information presented in concise form and the financial information is related to the financials of the company. The financial statements are prepared by the firm, firstly to communicate with different parties about the financial position of the firm and secondly to analyze the performance and operations of the firm for further planning. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Financial Statement Analysis Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Financial statement analysis is a judgmental process. The main objective of financial statement is identification of change in trends and relationship and to see the reasons for the change and what is causing that change. Judgment process can be improved by experience and use of the analytical tools. It is done to determine what all information is relevant from all the information that is available. Secondly it defines the significant relationship between the information and lastly drawing a inference and conclusion. This study contains the following analysis: Comparative Financial Statement Common Size Financial Statement Ratio Analysis Comparative Financial Statement In CFS two or more financial statement are presented simultaneously in a columnar form. This statement is prepared to cover a period of number of years in a more meaningful form and by comparing it with different years and measuring the change in each and every year and measuring the trend in various items of financial statement. It can be prepared for both Income Statement and Balance Sheet. CFS is prepared to show: The absolute amount of different items in monetary terms The amount of periodic changes in monetary terms The percentage of periodic changes to reveal the proportionate changes. Common Size Financial Statement It represents the relationship of different items of financial statement with some common item expressing each item as the percentage of the common item. The CSS is used not only in intra firm comparisons over a series of different years but also in making inter firm comparisons for the same year or several years. This can also be prepared for both Income Statement and the Balance Sheet. Ratio Analysis This is the mostly used tool for analysis in financial analysis. Ratio analysis expresses the relationship in a mathematical form between two items or a group of items related to each other is a logical manner. It is based on the fact that a single figure is not going to communicate meaningful information but when compared with other item expresses significant information. There are various ratios that are used in this project: Liquidity Ratio Current Ratio Liquid Ratio Activity Ratio Debtors Turnover Ratio Average Collection Period Working Capital Turnover Ratio Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio Capital Turnover Ratio Total Assets Turnover ratio Leverage Ratio Total debt Ratio Proprietary Ratio Profitability Ratio Gross Profit Ratio Net Profit Ratio Office Administrative Expense Ratio Return on Assets Liquidity Ratios The liquidity refers to the maintenance of, cash, bank and those assets which are easily convertible into cash in order to meet liabilities as and when they arise. The liquidity ratios study the firms short term solvency position of the firm. Current Ratio: This is the most common ratio to study the firm short term solvency position. It is calculated by dividing the current asset by the current liabilities. The benchmark for this ratio is 2:1 i.e. 2 parts of assets and 1 part of liabilities. But this benchmark changes from industry to industry. Liquid Ratio: this is also called as acid test ratio or quick ratio. This ratio establishes the relationship between liquid assets and the current liabilities. This is calculated to know firms ability to know the immediate short term position of the firm. Stock is kept out from it as it requires time to be converted into cash. This is calculated by dividing liquid assets by current liabilities. Activity Ratio The activity ratios are also called as Turnover Ratio or Performance ratio. It is a measure of movement and indicates how frequently an account has moved over a period of time. It helps us to know how efficiently and frequently the assets of the firm are being utilized. These ratios are usually calculated with reference to sales or cost of goods sold. Debtors Turnover Ratio: If a firms sells its goods on credit than this ratio helps to know how quickly the debtors are collected. This is calculated as percentage by taking net credit sales or total sales and dividing it by average debtors. With the help of this we can also calculate the amount of days or months within which the debtors are calculated. Working Capital Turnover Ratio: It measures the velocity or utilization of the working capital of the firm during the year. This is calculated by dividing average net sales by average working capital. In this if the turnover period is more than more working capital is required if it is less than less working capital is required. Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio: The ratio indicates the extent to which the investments in fixed assets contribute towards sales. It measures the firms ability to generate net sales from fixed assets. It is calculated by dividing net sales by average fixed assets. Capital Turnover Ratio: It measures the relationship between net sales and the capital employed. This ratio measures the effectiveness of the firm in utilizing its resources. This ratio is the indicator of the overall profitability of the firm. This is calculated by dividing net sales by average capital employed. Total Asset Turnover Ratio: This ratio measures the ability of the firm to use its sales to generate sales. This considers all the assets. It is calculated by dividing net sales by net fixed assets. Leverage ratio This ratio measures the long term solvency position of the firm. Accordingly, long-term solvency ratios indicate a firms ability to meet the fixed interest and costs and repayment schedules associated with its long-term borrowings. (E.g.) debt equity ratio, proprietary ratio, etc Total Debt Ratio: This indicates what percentage of the companys assets is provided by provided via debt. The measure gives an idea to the leverage of the company along with the potential risks the company faces in terms of its debt-load. This is calculated by dividing total debt by total assets. Proprietary Ratio: It relates to the proprietors funds to total assets. It helps the owners to know the owners contribution to the total value of assets. This ratio shows the long-time solvency of the organization it is calculated by dividing proprietors funds by the total tangible assets. Profitability Ratios The aim of any business organization is to earn profit and it should earn enough profits in comparison with the with the capital invested and risk. This helps the firm to measure its efficiency. Gross Profit Ratio: This ratio expresses the relationship between Gross profit and sales. It indicated the efficiency of production or trading operation. A high gross profit ratio is a good management as it implies that cost of production is relatively low. This is calculated by dividing gross profit by net sales. Net Sales: Net profit ratio establishes a relationship between net profit (after taxes) and sales. It is determined by dividing the net income after tax to the net sales for the period and measures the profit per rupee of sales. Office Administrative Expense: this ratio measures the relationship between the indirect expenses to the net sales and here we are taking office and administrative expenses. This is calculated by dividing administrative expenses by net sales. Return on Assets: Profitability can be measured in terms of relationship between net profit and total assets. It measures the profitability of investment. The overall profitability can be known by applying this ratio. This is calculated by dividing net profit by net sales. Objectives of the Study To study the financial position of the company. To analyze the financial stability and overall performance. To analyze and interpret the trends as revealed by various ratios of the company in particular. To analyze the profitability and solvency position of the unit with the existing tools of financial analysis. To know the quality of services provided from the customers To find out the satisfaction level of the customers To find out where improvements are required in the overall functioning of the company Research Methodology Descriptive research is used in this study because it will ensure the minimization of bias and maximization of reliability of data colle cted. The researcher had to use fact and information already available through financial statements of earlier years and analyze these to make critical evaluation of the available material. Hence by making the type of the research conducted to be both Descriptive and Analytical in nature. From the study, the type of data to be collected and the procedure to be used for this purpose were decided. Questionnaires: Questionnaire was used for collecting primary data. The questionnaire was constructed with close ended questions in which the respondent had to choose an option from among others as its answer. This form of questionnaire is called structured questionnaire. Tools Used: The data was collected in two manners. The primary data was collected through questionnaires, whereas secondary data was collected through the reading of journals and papers and also various brochures which were provided by Matrix Processing House. The primary data was analyzed using the software SPSS. The primary was analyzed using Cross Tabs and frequencies tables. It was depicted using bar charts, line graphs and some pie charts. Limitation of the Study The analysis and interpretation are based on secondary data contained in the published annual reports of Matrix Processing House for the study period. Due to the limited time available the study has been confined for a period of 5 years Ratio itself will not completely show the companys good or bad financial position. Inter firm comparison was not possible due to the non availability of competitors data. The study of financial performance can be only a means to know about the financial condition of the company and cannot show a through picture of the activities of the company. Due to limited number of customers the sample size has to be restricted to 15. Due to time and other constraints the study could not include every aspect of the set objective. As is the major limitation of all the surveys, the respondents may not have given true responses. The responses given have been assumed to be true. Some figures have been rounded off to the nearest rupee.

The Alien Movie Analysis - 737 Words

The Alien is a science fiction horror movie. Its setting in space and the presence of technology and artificial intelligence empathizes on its science fiction genre. Moreover, the presence of the Alien and the fact that it is a threat to human lives reflects it is also a horror film. The movie revolves around seven human beings that have the mission to return to earth from the space. Throughout the movie, the main goal of the human characters is to return to earth safely. Various dialogues of the crew members show the main goal. For example, when Captain Dallas tells everyone about the Mother’s order for the investigation of the transmission, Parker says that: â€Å"I want to go home.† Moreover, when Ripley says that they will proceed with†¦show more content†¦Another authority figure is Captain Dallas. His title and actions show that he is an authority on the ship. Dallas’ title is Captain, so it is clear that has the power to make decisions. Moreover, he gives orders to other crew members and takes the lead in the case of facing obstacles; for instance, when the Alien borns from Kane, Captain Dallas takes the lead to get rid of the alien by closing the air shafts. These actions represent Captain Dallas as an authority. The producer chooses to introduce the authority figures in the movie to relate it to real life because working und er the authorities is a common practice in real life. In the first half of the movie, it seems to the audience that Captain Dallas is the main character, but the Captains death leaves the audience in shock. After Captain Dallas dies, Ripley takes charge of the ship. She is not very prominent on camera in the first half of the movie. This shift in authority shows by Ripley’s actions; for example, she goes to talk to the mother. Since the mother was only accessed by Captain Dallas, Ripleys access to mother shows she is in charge of the ship. The producer decides to shift in the plotline of the story by making Ripley the main character in the second half of the movie to challenge the stereotypical view of women that they are not equal to men. The survival of Ripley from the Alien shows that women are asShow MoreRelatedMovie Analysis : Home, A Animated Spin On Alien Attack Thrillers Directed By Tim Johnson879 Words   |  4 PagesA quick way to feel at Home The film, called Home, a comical animated spin on alien attack thrillers directed by Tim Johnson tells a story about Aliens who call themselves the Boov. The Boov conquer the earth and relocate the planet s human population, all except for a little girl named Tip. Tip is a normal teenager with messy hair, a complete tomboy, and extremely sassy which makes her different from the rest of her population. 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Reflection Paper on Organization Behavior Free Essays

kiwiberry2900 3/9/2013 MGMT 541 Self-reflection paper Motivation Motivation represents psychological processes that cause arousal, direction, and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal directed. There are substantial positive relations between job characteristics, satisfaction, and motivation. Job characteristics of Variety and Task Significance were found to be particularly important to employee satisfaction and motivation. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection Paper on Organization Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now These are examples that almost everyone will encounter in real life: Job design and job enrichment My work experience when I was in Shanghai was with the Taxation Bureau. Initially I was assigned general work in the department such as doing tax registration for the new companies and I wasn’t motivated. The job was simple, just checking and cataloging all of the documents that the company representatives provided, and giving them the application forms. I also answered related questions and followed up after the companies with the tax license were sanctioned. At this job position, the skill varieties were very limited. The routine work was just following the rules and did not need any professional judgment. After a month or so, I felt bored. Besides the skill variety, the job also lacked autonomy. Sometimes I just went out for some reason, probably there were several company representatives were waiting for me, while other time there is nobody show up in a whole day. As a young woman, I can’t further myself in the job, anyone can do it. I had no progress, no satisfaction about the job and no intrinsic motivation. Although the tasks were significant to the whole bureau, it is hard to see our bigger function of the organization. In the end, after I pleased the human resources department several times, I was allowed to join another department. A lot of young people did not like to be fixed on a general position which would not allow them to accumulate the professional experience and explore the deep side of the field, and that often makes a problem in the hierarchical organization. Equity theory The Shanghai Taxation Bureau in which I had worked for more than 10 years is a hierarchical organization including a lot of levels. It is the administrative and management body that carries out the state’s taxation activities within the administrative jurisdiction of Shanghai Municipality. Its main functions and responsibilities include implementing state taxation laws, regulations and codes, researching and formulating tax development plans and annual work plans for local taxation. The administrative position involves supervising every month’s tax declaration and collection and making sure the money will be transferred into the state treasury according to the related laws, regulations and codes. There are 26 branches attached to the taxation bureau, and over 10000 employees working in the shanghai taxation bureau. Big organizations necessitate more comparison between people, or between branches. People from every section seek to get equal benefits out of their input. There are a lot of couples in Shanghai taxation bureau. So if some branches gave the bonus to their employees, everyone in the whole system knew it. And afterwards other departments will mimic the policy to motivate theirs. That reflected the equity theory. From the equity theory, an individual’s motivation level is correlated to his perception of equity, fairness and justice practiced by the management. The higher an individual’s perception of fairness is, the greater their motivation level and vice versa. In the above context, I remembered that the branch leader who first gave the bonus will emphasize the special task they have completed, in order to stimulate his employees who have experienced high level hardship or difficulties. But other branches will spotlight their own achievements in the assignment, ultimately got the same bonus to protect or comfort their own morale in the workplace. In the year-end evaluation, every branch or individual will assess their own projects and achievements in the whole year and the human resource management would make overall balances and give different levels of reward. While some job positions comparatively have more opportunities to make achievements, others have less. Under that kind of situation, the management carried out the policy of job position rotation, therefore, almost every qualified employee with education history of financial and accounting would have the opportunities to rotate their positions. This policy is motivational, Extrinsic motivation and intrinsic otivation At my department people were driven by extrinsic motivation. We compared the bonus income, the benefit to others and calculated the upcoming income or vacation. We also expected to be promoted and got high level benefits. As if that is the core of our daily tasks. Sometimes we did some project according to superior’s will rather than the real infor mation to avoid offending the leader. We even did not consider whether the result was meaningful or not. Although the department management wanted to motivate the employees and gave the gift cards to everyone before the festivals, we were not satisfied. We wanted to get more benefits comparing with employees at other branches. From the theoretic framework, these are hygiene factors which would not make people satisfied. Sometimes we got into research projects and worked with the other teammates. These were independent projects. The person in charge the project totally explained the purpose of the project and we felt we got involved and engaged. We were empowered to use our own way to collect data, analyze it, and draw the conclusion. We felt very satisfied in these projects. We cooperated with each other, attracted by the task, and we can focus solely on the project without complicated interpersonal relationships inside of this kind of temporary group. Further more, it was different from our routine job, which gave us the opportunity to widen our view, enrich the job content, therefore satisfying all the teammates. This arrangement is like intrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that is driven by an interest or enjoyment in the task itself, and exists within the individual rather than relying on external pressures or a desire for reward. Leadership From my experience, people want to motivate each other. He should build up himself first, has a long-term vision about the organizations, sets a goal for himself, matches the big environment and has the necessary ability or expertise in some area. Then he should also be authorized to be a leader. He may use his social skill and other ability and management resources to motivate people, and bring them together to a higher level. In my personal experience, I met good leaders as well as bad leaders. When I was a volunteer in a nonprofit organization at Chicago, I was elected as a member of the board of trustees. In this setting, the president is our board leader and he displayed a typical bad leader profile. First of all, he is not a role model. He should have a positive attitude, and be supportive to every volunteer, but unfortunately he always escaped working hard and treated other volunteers like slaves. Secondly, he did not consider the opinions of other board members, he liked to be self-centered and lack of empathy. This character embodied in his schedule and his arrangement. He had no expert power, his personality is awful and he even played tricks in the nonprofit organization, which made everybody astonished. Now he had lost in the election for the board members. Admittedly, the situation above is very unique. Generally most authorized leaders have some attractive traits such as self-awareness, self-confidence, social skills and persuasive abilities. At the same time, they fully understand the organization goals. But different leaders have their own personal features. My friend Fan is a director of the audit department. I had been in his department for 3 years, and we became friends in the end. Fan is a veteran, he had little professional knowledge in auditing, but he knew management well. His job is to motivate all the auditing group leaders and auditors. He used his legitimate power at first to assign tasks to every group. After the tasks were finished, he gave all the evaluation report to every group with the help of his assistant. At the same time, he used his reward and referent power. He always kept the department on the way of organizational goal, showed his positive attitude, gave everybody most extent of autonomy. He also used his personal relationship to strive for the best interest of our department. That is why he got everyone’s respect. In his department, morale is very high. Nobody wanted to leave. Ahthough Fan is a good leader in most aspects except his professional knowledge, he can’t exert his expert power in his leadership. A great leader is a natural leader, who can exert his idealized influence power to his followers, and help to set common goals for the whole organization, incorporate, motivate followers, have them a clear picture of the future, make them active beyond the call of the duty. Bibliography Kreitner, Robert, and Angelo Kinicki. Organizational Behavior. Boston, MA: Irwin/McGraw- Hill, 1998. Print. â€Å"Equity Theory of Motivation. † Equity Theory of Motivation. N. p. , n. d. Web. 09 Mar. 2013. â€Å"Welcome to Shanghai Municipal Office of State Administration of Taxation. † Shanghai Municipal Office of State Administration of Taxation. N. p. , n. d. Web. 09 Mar. 2013. W. Chan Kim. â€Å"Fair Process Managing in the Knowledge Economy. † (n. d. ): n. pag. Web. How to cite Reflection Paper on Organization Behavior, Papers

Project Success or Future Criteria Northern Engineering Industry

Question: Discuss about theProject Success or Future Criteriafor Northern Engineering Industry. Answer: Introduction This report is prepared to understand how a project can be evaluated from the perspective of project management. The paper discusses various theoretical constructions that determined the project resolution, its success factors and failure factors. To understand how each of these factors plays a role in project management, a case of Rolls Royce ERP implementation was taken and the project was analyzed using various factors identified by researchers. Company Background Rolls Royce is a private sector organization that had acquired Northern Engineering industry in 1989 after which the company was able to consolidate its industrial power capabilities. By 1995, the company acquired another organization called Allison Engine Company from USA and thus, added aero propulsion and gas engine turbine to its product portfolio. Over the years, Rolls Royce has become a global organization with 14 services. For running its operations internally, Rolls Royce had developed 1500 IT programs that were difficult to maintain and costly to operate(Yusuf, et al., 2004). Moreover, different systems did not provide a consistent data making it difficult for the organization to make decisions fast. For instance, the company implemented MERLIN for managing its logistics and inventory but the system lacked communication with other systems in the organization such as IBIS which was a manufacturing system. Corporate Cost Accounting (CCA) was yet another system that was to be coordinated with. On top of these systems, there were other individual systems or suppliers, partners and customers adding to complexities. Thus, the company decided to implement an ERP system which could consolidate the entire IT system of the organization. Project Case Rolls-Royce had planned implementation of an ERP solution provided by SAP. This involved implementation of SAP R/3 software package. The solution involved integration of all functional processes of Rolls Royce including manufacturing, order management, human resource management, financial systems and supply chain. Rolls Royce hired EDS for the management of project while SAP was the ERP consultant and solution provider. A project team was formed with their segregation into separate smaller teams. Every operational business unit of Rolls Royce was provided a freedom to make a plan for required activities. A release strategy was defined which involved identification, validation, cleaning, loading and archiving of legacy data and procurement of new hardware that included 1000 personal computers, 6000 software licenses and servers. The project was divided into three phases that were to be completed from 1998 to 2000 when the Go live was planned. The project began with an intense study done on the requirement and a core team was constructed for managing the implementation project. A steering committee was also formed to provide financial guidance. Standard Criteria for Project Success or Failure There are 13 success factors that are defined by Jiang that include: Clear Goals: Goals include project mission and philosophy that further determines the objectives of project team. Competent PM: It is very important the project manager who is leading the project is competent in all essential areas of project including interpersonal relationships, technical requirements and administrative functions. A project manager must also have leadership qualities to be able to motivate team and keep them aligned with the project goals. Management Support: The project must get a buy in from the top management of the project organization. Communication Channels: For the information generated on the project during each of the phases, an appropriate channel must be used for communicating the same within and outside the project teams. This information can include project progress status, risks, issues, suggestions, feedback and so on. Responsiveness: The project manager must be responsive to the client and must keep the client always updated with the progress of the project. Competent Team: The team members of a project must be competent and thus appropriate and careful selection process must be used for human resource. Good Resource allocation: resources include time, money, logistics and human resources that must be appropriately allotted to each project task to ensure that the project runs smoothly. Control Mechanism: The project plan includes schedule and budget that act as control mechanisms for projects. Client Acceptance: Client of a software project must understand the importance of it and accept the deliverables positively. Feedback Capabilities: Formal channels for taking feedbacks in response to project reviews and status reports must be established such that team members and all other parties to project are able to present their views and suggestions for improvement. Technical Tasks: The technologies used for development must be efficient and must be reviews by expert consultants and project manager before they are put to use for the project. Trouble-Shooting management: Project team members must have a way to record the problems of a project and must be encouraged by the project manager to seek resolution to these problems independently (Attarzadeh Ow, 2008). As per the Chaos report, based on the outcome of a project, a project can be categorized into three resolution types that include project success, project challenges and project impaired. Resolution THE CHAOS Report Time Budget Functions Features Success Going as per the schedule Completed within the budget All deliverables achieved Challenged (OBrochta, 2002) Behind schedule Cost overruns Some not achieved Impaired/Failed Cancelled Losses incurred All features not delivered (King, 2003) Project Success: When a project is completed on time, within budget and has fulfilled all the desired features and functionalities of the project. Project Challenged: When a project is completed and is operational with most of the functions and features met but it exceeds budget or is over time then it can be considered as challenged. Project Impaired: When the project is cancelled sometime during the project development cycle, it is called project impaired(Sauter Frese, 2003). The Chaos report defines both success and failure factors that include: Success: User Involvement: For a project to be successful, the involvement of user during different phases such as requirements gathering and acceptance testing is important. If the project is unable to meet the needs of these users then despite its completion on time and within budget, the project would only be a failure (Salmon, 2009) Management Support: Support from management is necessary to keep the project going smooth and on track failing which the project can be at a great disadvantage and can even fail(Attarzadeh, 2008). Clarity of requirements: Base level of requirements does not work in large projects and they are required to be very detailed such that they are all clear enough to judge their impacts, prioritize them and plan for activities required to meet those requirements. In case of failure to gather all their requirements of the project in the starting phase, problems can occur at later stages(Nelson, 2007). Efficient Planning: Proper planning is the key to the success of the project and to be successful the planning has to be detailed considering all aspects of the project right from its scope, time, cost to quality and resource requirements (Nelson, 2005) Failure Planning and Estimation: Planning stage involves estimation of the schedule as well as the cost that would be incurred on the project. If these estimates are not correct then they would fail to guide the project sufficiently and later cause the failure. Implementation: In software projects, implementation is a major step which has to follow a proper methodology as well as take care of fulfilment of requirements. Testing can be used to ensure that all requirements are met. If the testing or investigations are not done properly, despite the full featured development, the project can still fail to meet the stakeholder requirements(Hoffman, 2003) Human Factor: Project managers must have all the required skills to be able to manage the project efficiently. If the project manager is incapable of applying project management principles in practice sufficiently then it can also cause a failure. Moreover, lack of proper communication between different members on a project can also lead to the failure of a project despite all other factors doing well (Elenbass, 2000) Besides the two popular model used for determination of project success and failure, there are many critical success factors identified in the literature by various researchers in project discipline. (Belassi Tukel, 1996) Case Analysis The project may be analyzed with respect the project resolution, success and failure factors defined in various theories as described in the last section. The first step would be the determine, if the project was successful, challenged or impaired. The assessment can be done on the basis of how schedule, cost and features were managed on the ERP project of Rolls Royce. Schedule: The implementation was divided into three phases including first phase of strategy development and direction which was completed in the Quarter 1 of 1998, second phase which involved project planning and early development of ERP software which lasted for 2nd and 3rd Quarter of the same year and the third phase which lasted from 1998 to 2000 and was completed in three waves including operational focus, pilot development, and assembly and spares. The go live was planned in the 2nd Quarter of the year 2000. However, in the phase two of the project, there were significant changes were to be made as the first phase itself took 6 months unexpectedly instead of 4 months. Major changes in schedule were made due to following reasons: To get more time for preparing and cleaning data To provide additional time for pilot development To allow more time to complete prerequisites To get more time for resolving difficulties The Go live phase took two weeks to complete because of certain problems like user authorization difficulties, temporarily work halts on shop floors, incorrect value transfers between systems and transaction problems. Actual go live happened after one year of pilot implementation. Thus, the project was actually not completed as per the initially planned schedule(Yusufa, et al., 2004). Cost: The final cost of development of the ERP system was $2.8 million which was more than the initially planned budget. Major causes of the cost overrun were delays, underestimation of communication requirements, scope creep, lack of ownership and initial fall in productivity(Olson, et al., 2005). Features and Functions: The project faced scope creep and thus, many modifications were made in the initially decided scope. There were data variances and user authorization problems found that delayed the go live stage. The new system required changes to be made in data. Thus, from the perspective of project resolution, Rolls Royce ERP implementation project was challenged and not successful. However, this interpretation would not be sufficient enough to learn from the case and thus, the case may be analyzed with respect to individual success and failure criterias defined in theories discussed in the previous section. Thus, a list of project evaluation criteria including both success and failure factors determined in the Chaps report and in the Jiangs success measures may be applied to the ERP implementation project of Rolls Royce: Clear Goals: Goals of the project were clear from the beginning and those included development of a new ERP system and integration of all departmental processes into a single centralized system to replace old legacy systems Competent PM: Responsibility of managing project was given to EDS which was an external outsourcing company. The company already had an experience of working with SAP projects and had some SAP consultants internally. EDS was made responsible for taking over existing systems, providing required resources, developing IT system of Rolls Royce and employing SAP consultants. EDS had a good experience of working in aerospace industry and had people with specialized skills of producing architectural frameworks for ERP projects and working with SAP projects. Communication Channels: Company used meetings and seminars extensively for communicating changes to employees or training the staff on the importance as well as the use of new system Competent Team: The project team use for the ERP implementation project was divided into small segments for managing parts of the project. Every operational business unit of Rolls Royce was given its own project planning team Good Resource allocation: Resource allocation was left to the project management organization that was efficient in providing resources, scheduling and optimizing them for project. Control Mechanism: A core team for ERP system was made to oversee the project performance and control it. Client Acceptance: A high level of customization was done on the development project by SAP which is why the client organization that is Rolls Royce was particularly satisfied with deliverables. The client was involved during different phases of development to make changes in scope and ensure necessary modifications in the systems. Technical Tasks: Rolls Royce faced a major technical problem during implementation due to inaccurate data obtained from legacy systems. The data obtained was to be normalized and modified as per the desired formats for feeding into the new system. Duplication of data was one major issue faced by the organization and it took time for the new system to take over. Till all the data was normalized, cleaned and transferred to new systems, old legacy systems could not be discontinued and thus, interfaces had to be developed between the new ERP solution and the legacy systems of the organization which increased both scope and cost of the project. Trouble-Shooting management: For managing situations of trouble shooting, a risk management process was used and the company maintained a risk register with record of huge number of project risks that were identified, recorded when appearing unexpectedly and resolutions were made. Some of the risks recorded in the risk register of ERP project were: Inability to align the human resource with the project goals Inability to provide adequate support for implementation Unavailability of the required hardware during implementation Employees resistance to change of systems Lack of serious commitment from top management for implementation project Lack of knowledge in users for using new systems Inappropriate testing of the ERP system Inability to give priority to ERP implementation project due to other important ongoing projects Challenges of maintenance due to connection between legacy and new systems Serious impacts on the accounts of the organization Extension of the go live phase User Involvement: Users were involved in requirement gathering, change feedbacks during progress reporting and were provided extensive training by SAP consultants. Expert users were trained firs on the system usage which was technical and involved expert features. Later, end users were provided training by these trained expert users. Training was carried out through seminars and in the sessions, demonstration of the developed system was also done. Management Support: The senior management of Rolls Royce was not technically oriented and thus, they could not provide sufficient guidance to the project team. Thus, an initiative was taken to train them on the ERP technology to seek buy-in. Clarity of requirements: Initially, an extensive investigation was done on the requirements and they were made very clear. Efficient Planning: The plan developed at the start of the project was very detailed and determined all deliverables, their estimated duration, specifications and responsibility identification. Planning and Estimation: A range of review was conducted on the project in order to come up with proper guidance that was used for making estimates on project cost and timelines. These reviews included design review, operation review, and high level review. The plan included a detailed three step process that was conducted in three phases including planning, scheduling, and operating. Implementation: The project implementation faced three types of problems including cultural, technical and business. Human Factor: The project team expected to get immediate acceptance from employees because of improvements provided in the new ERP system but that did not happen as new system did not get much appreciation as compared to legacy systems on some parameters. Thus, a training plan was added to make employees realize the potential of new system through proper training. These training were conducted by consultant who demonstrated the system and there were 10,000 employees who were provided training. Conclusions This report was prepared to understand how projects can consider as success or failure as per the principles and practices of project management. For this, a case of ERP implementation in Rolls Royce was considered. Various project management success and failure related theories were covered and some success factors were determined. It was found that a project is not considered as success from project management point of view if it fails to deliver on time and on budget even if all the features and functions are provided. Thus, the ERP project of Rolls Royce was not a success but a challenged project. In order to understand specific factors that contributed to this status of the project were then explored for the case of Rolls Royce and based on the analysis some recommendations can be made for improvement in project management practices that are included in the next section. Recommendations The recommendations for a sound project management practice considering the learning from the case of ERP implementation project include: While planning a project, risk management is a very crucial activity to do as many risks can be avoided or easily handled in case of their occurrence in future. As this project was planned with appropriate risk management strategies, the management team was able to manage the risks on time and take appropriate decisions for their mitigation. Initial estimates for duration and costs must be prepared very carefully as any changes later can severely affect these constraints. A contingency budget may thus be allotted at the starting of the project to accommodate such conditions. The buy-in from employees and end users should be taken before the project is started as it can later on affect the development and performance of the project. Data migration can be a major issue if not considered while planning especially in IT projects. Thus, it should be considered while making a risk management plan such that data related risks can be minimized. References Attarzadeh, I., 2008. Project Management Practices: The Criteria for Success or Failure. CIBIMA, 1(28), pp. 234-241. Attarzadeh, I. Ow, S. H., 2008. Project Management Practices: The Criteria for Success or Failure. CIBIMA, 1(28), pp. 234-241. Belassi, W. Tukel, O. I., 1996. A new framework for determining critical success/failure factors in projects. International Journal of Project Management, 14(3), pp. 141-151. Elenbass, B., 2000. Staging a Project Are You Setting Your Project Up for Success?. Houston, TX, Project Management Institute Annual Seminars Symposiums. Hoffman, T., 2003. Corporate Execs Try New Ways to Align IT with Business Units. Computerworld, 27 October. King, J., 2003. Survey shows common IT woes. Computerworld, 13 December. Nelson, R. R., 2005. Project Retrospectives:Evaluating Project Success, Failure, And Everything In Between. MIS Quarterly Executive , 4(3), pp. 361-372. Nelson, R. R., 2007. IT Project Management: Infamous Failures, Classic Mistakes, and Best Practices. MIS Quarterly Executive, 6(2), pp. 67-77. OBrochta, M., 2002. Project Success What Are the Criteria and Whose Opinion Counts?. San Antonio, TX, Project Management Institute Annual Seminars Symposiums. Olson, D. L., Chae, B. Sheu, C., 2005. Issues in multinational ERP implementation. Int. J. Services and Operations Management, 1(1), pp. 8-21. Salmon, P., 2009. Projects Key Issue sin Success/Failure, Wellington: ISACA . Sauter, V. Frese, R., 2003. Project Success and Failure: What is Success,What is Failure,and how can yo improve your odds for success?, s.l.: UMSL. Yusufa, Y., Gunasekaranb, A. Abthorpec, M. S., 2004. Enterprise information systems project implementation:: A case study of ERP in Rolls-Royce. International Journal of Production Economics, 87(3), p. 251266. Yusuf, Y., Gunasekaran, A. Abthorpe, M. S., 2004. Enterprise information systems project implementation: A case study of ERP in Rolls-Royce. Int. J. Production Economics, Volume 87, p. 251266.

Lab Report Conclusion Essay Example

Lab Report Conclusion Paper Conclusion In this experiment, we measured the mass of 4 gases; oxygen, carbon dioxide, helium, and lab gas. We took a Copilot bag, and turned into a non-stretchy balloon, and filled with each gas and measured the apparent mass then calculated the actual mass, then find a ratio between the mass of oxygen and the other gases. We tried to keep the pressure about the same each time so our calculations would be more accurate. We found out that the heaviest was carbon dioxide, and the lightest was helium. In fact, helium and lab gas had a density below 0. Anyways, it turned out that our apparent masses were very different from our actual mass calculations; for example oxygens apparent mass was 28. Egg but its actual mass was 4. Egg. We also found the ratios, and after collecting class data, our carbon dioxide ratio was 1. 39/g, our helium ratio was . 21/g, and our lab gas ratio was . 59/ lag. Then we had to come up with two hypotheses to figure out why one gas is heavier (denser) than another? Well, we came up with hypothesis : The different molecule mass hypothesis, and hypothesis #2: The more molecules in the same volume hypothesis. After having a class discussion, turns out that hypothesis one is more reliable due to Avogadro hypothesis; if two gases at the same temperature and equal volume contain equal amount of molecules. So according to the statement above, the carbon dioxide molecules must be 1. Xx bigger than an oxygen molecule, a helium molecule must be . Xx bigger, and . Xx bigger than an oxygen molecule. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Conclusion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Conclusion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Conclusion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Top Ten Confused Words [T]

Top Ten Confused Words [T] Top Ten Confused Words [T] Top Ten Confused Words [T] By Maeve Maddox My cumulative list of â€Å"words commonly confused† continues with ten that begin with the letter T. The confusion relates to spelling or meaning. 1. taught / taut The word taught is the past tense of the verb to teach. It is also used as an adjective to mean instructed: â€Å"Howard Phillips Lovecraft, weird fiction writer and primogenitor of modern horror fiction, was a self-taught writer.† The adjective taut means â€Å"pulled tight.† A common error is to spell taut as taught, as in this fishing advice in a magazine called Backpacker: INCORRECT: Use more weight to keep the line taught. CORRECT: Use more weight to keep the line taut. 2. titivate / titillate The verb titivate means â€Å"to spruce up, to make more attractive.† Ex. We decided to titivate the kitchen with new cabinets and countertops. The verb titillate means â€Å"to excite the senses or imagination in an agreeable way.† Ex. Camilla Ochlan has crafted a supernatural mystery-thriller that  will titillate  the palate of even the most discriminating  Sci-Fi Fantasy  reader. The error is to mix them up, as in this example from a restaurant site: INCORRECT: We are sure to have something to titivate your tastebuds. CORRECT: We are sure to have something to titillate your taste buds. 3. tortuous / torturous The adjective tortuous means â€Å"full of twists; complex.† The  tortuous road  we had to climb had one steep and narrow curve after another all the way to the  top. The adjective torturous means â€Å"full of pain or suffering. Ex. More significantly, the book prominently features a scene in which the heroes resort to torturous means in order to extract vital, life-or-death information. The error is to mix them up, although some might argue that a thing can be full of twists and pain at the same time. 4. tenant / tenet A tenant is someone who rents property. Ex. The tenant always paid her rent on time. A tenet is a principle or belief. Ex. The tenet to love one’s neighbor is stated in Leviticus 19:18. The error with these words goes both ways: INCORRECT: This course is designed to give the students an overview of the basic  tenants  of Christian Doctrine. CORRECT : This course is designed to give the students an overview of the basic  tenets  of Christian Doctrine. INCORRECT: Most importantly, stay informed about your rights as a  tenet. CORRECT: Most importantly, stay informed about your rights as a  tenant. 5. than / then The word than is a conjunction used after a comparative adjective or adverb to introduce the second member of the comparison. Ex. She thinks her border collie is smarter than my boxer. The word then is an adverb that refers to a specified time, past or future, as opposed to the present. Ex. We didn’t have enough money for luxuries like books then. 6. through / threw Through is a preposition used to convey the idea of entering the inside of something and coming out the other side: They always go through the churchyard on their way home. Threw is the past tense of the verb to throw: He threw the ball over the fence. The usual error is to spell through as threw, as in this example from a geocaching site: INCORRECT: You will need to go  threw the tunnel  to access this cache. CORRECT: You will need to go  through the tunnel  to access this cache. 7. throws / throes Throws is the third person present singular of the verb to throw: He throws with his left arm. Throws can also be the plural of the noun throw that refers to a light blanket: She keeps throws on all the couches and chairs. Throes is a noun that means â€Å"severe pains.† Figuratively, it can mean â€Å"difficult times.† Ex. The pirate lay in the last throes of death. The Smiths are in the throes of divorce. 8. track / tract As a noun, track is a mark or series of marks left by the passage of something. The Mountie caught the fugitive by following the track left in the snow. One meaning of the noun tract is â€Å"a book or written work treating of some particular topic.† Ex. The evangelists passed out tracts on the subject of salvation. 9. till / ’til Till has different functions, one of which is that of conjunction with the same meaning as until: ‘to the time that; up to the point when†: I will sit here till he agrees to speak to me. The form ’til is an unnecessary shortening of until. The error is in thinking that till is a shortening of until. 10. torpid / turgid The adjective torpid means benumbed or â€Å"devoid of the power or motion of feeling.† Ex.  Even when he was awake he was completely  torpid. The adjective turgid means swollen, distended, puffed out. The word is applied figuratively to language with the meanings inflated, pompous, bombastic. Examples of literal and figurative use: My arm was turgid where the snake had bitten it. Eventually, the movie surrenders to the most turgid Hollywood speechifying and sentimentality, far more so than the original permitted itself to do. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Types of Narrative Conflict15 Great Word GamesHonorary vs. Honourary

A comparison if the influence of the past and the present in Snow Falling on Cedars and Chocolat.

A comparison if the influence of the past and the present in Snow Falling on Cedars and Chocolat. Joanne Harris’ novel Chocolat and Scott Hicks’ film Snow Falling on Cedars use characters and their interactions to explore the influence of the past on the present. Both texts reveal the influence of past relationships on their major female and male characters’ present lives. Where Harris’ focus is family relationships, Hicks also explores the impact of a past romantic relationship. Using a dual first-person narrative, Harris relies on the reminiscences of her central characters to convey the connection between past and present, whereas Hicks employs a non-linear structure of flashbacks interspersed with the present to make this link. Both texts use the impact of racism on its victims to reveal that not only individuals live in the shadow of the past, but also the entire community. Both Chocolat and Snow Falling on Cedars depict how a childhood father figure shapes the lifestyle of their main male character. Harris’ dual first-person narrative voice allows the reader access to antagonist Reynaud’s thoughts and memories as he speaks to Mon Pere, who was once his childhood mentor; whereas Hicks juxtaposes flashbacks from several characters’ perspectives with the present to reveal how the past shaped protagonist Ishmael’s (Ethan Hawke) life. One such flashback reveals that as a child Ishmael learned to use the newspaper press, his father commenting that he would â€Å"make a newspaper man out of (him) yet†. This is coupled with the present, where he is reporting on the trial of the Japanese-American Kazuo for murder, fulfilling his father’s wish. Like Ishmael, Reynaud’s father figure determined his career. Reynaud comments that as a child he â€Å"compromised (his) soul† for the priest, who persuaded him to s et the gypsy boats alight, and as a result he caused the death of two â€Å"sleepers† who â€Å"failed to waken†. However, he was â€Å"absolved† by Mon Pere and set firmly on the course of becoming a priest later in life. He now attempts to live up to Mon Pere’s example in his â€Å"crusade† against the recently arrived gypsies. Unlike Mon Pere’s influence on Reynaud, Ishmael’s father instilled in him strong opposition to racism. A montage sequence shows Ishmael’s attempt to write an article about the â€Å"unfair† trial, interspersed with close-ups of his father’s glasses, the evidence that can save Kazuo, and a photo of Hatsue (Youki Kudoh), his first love. This interaction between past and present reveals the decision Ishmael faces between presenting evidence to save Hatsue’s husband, Kazuo (Rick Yune) from conviction, as his father would have done, or to indulge his personal desire to withhold it out o f anger with Hatsue, who broke his heart. Near the end of the film, Ishmael decides to put the evidence forward. While in Chocolat Reynaud’s present is negatively affected by the influence of Mon Pere’s past racism, in Snow Falling on Cedars, Ishmael’s father shaped his morals, which positively affects his present. As well as their careers and personal beliefs, Reynaud and Ishmael’s insecurities and fears stem from their father figures. Through his monologue, Reynaud reveals that as a child, he caught his mother engaging in a sin â€Å"of the flesh† with the priest. His shock that Mon Pere was even â€Å"capable of sin† made him realise that â€Å"nothing was safe† and created his desperate fear of temptation. His attempts to realise his idealistic view of priesthood and resist temptation where Mon Pere could not, control Reynaud’s lifestyle. Harris uses vivid imagery in Reynuad’s dream of dying â€Å"beneath (chocolate’s) tender gluttony,† a â€Å"cumulation of every temptation ever known,† to reveal his fear of slipping further towards temptation, despite his increasing self-denial during Lent. In contrast, Hicks reveals through dialogue that unlike Reynaud’s attempts to transcend his forerunner, Ishmael’s life is sh aped by his insecurity that he is â€Å"only half the man his father was.† However, Ishmael ultimately lives up to his father’s example and overcomes his sense of injury, the war and his anger at Hatsue, to save Kazuo and move on with his life. Nels’ (Max Von Sydow) comment, that Ishmael is â€Å"sounding just a little like (his) father†, confirms this success. Harris, in contrast, reveals that Reynaud’s desperate attempts to â€Å"weed† out the metaphorical â€Å"dandelions†, which represent the temptation of â€Å"La Cleste Praline Chocolaterie Artisanale† and the indulgent gypsy lifestyle, lead to his destruction. He becomes delirious, imagining Denise Arnauld â€Å"eating in the confessional†, and is flooded with â€Å"irrational thoughts† of â€Å"devil worship† when he sees the flames of Vianne’s â€Å"flambed pancakes† at the gypsy campsite. Ultimately, his fear that the temptation of c hocolate and indulgence will â€Å"undermine the church† drives him to attempt to destroy Vianne’s chocolate festival, leading to his own downfall. Harris uses reminiscences within Vianne’s narration, and Hicks uses flashbacks juxtaposed with the present, to explore the impact a past relationship has on the present of their protagonists. A close-up of protagonist Ishmael watching Hatsue through a symbolic barrier of balcony bars during the opening of the trial, coupled with their first conversation where Hatsue commands him to â€Å"go away†, introduces their estranged relationship. Flashbacks reveal the illicit nature of Hatsue and Ishmael’s past romance, as Ishmael comments that Hatsue’s â€Å"friends would† find their relationship inappropriate. Their fear of being caught is reflected in the dimly lit, secretive setting of the cedar tree. Hicks combines a voice-over of Hatsue reading a letter, in which she reveals her understanding that she and Ishmael â€Å"could never be right together†, with swelling non-digetic music and a final close-up of Ishmael’s amputated arm. This rev eals that the strain of societal disapproval caused Ishmael and Hatsue’s relationship to fall apart, with Ishmael’s physical injury symbolising the long-term damage created for him by the failure of the relationship. Hicks reveals that Ishmael still resents Hatsue’s choice to end their relationship when Ishmael’s voice breaks as he suggests that he should â€Å"write an article about unfairness and all the unfair things that people do to each other†. Whilst Hicks combines soundtrack and images, Harris uses the metaphorical image of the â€Å"Black Man†, a figure that embodies Vianne’s mother’s greatest fear: losing her child to the church authorities, to reveal that Vianne’s relationship with her mother was strained by the constant presence of this fear. This negatively affects the adult Vianne. She too fears the loss of her daughter Anouk, despite her understanding that â€Å"children are born wild† and must go t heir own way. She also continues to feel the presence of â€Å"the black man† even after her mother’s death; in Lansquenet her â€Å"black man† is the antagonist Reynaud. The present of both protagonists is negatively affected by their past until Vianne can overcome her fear of the â€Å"Black Man†, and Ishmael can overcome his resentment and save Kazuo, Hatsue’s husband, from conviction. Ishmael’s escape from the influence of the past is symbolised by his and Hatsue’s final embrace, as earlier in the film he begged to â€Å"hold† her â€Å"for a few seconds† so he could â€Å"walk away and never speak to her again†. Harris also symbolically reveals Vianne’s ability to overcome the negative influence of her mother, when Vianne chooses to burn the tarot card of â€Å"the black man† which dictated her mother’s life. Following this is the revelation that Reynaud is â€Å"a fool to himself, a carnival mask†, which allows her to let go of her fear of â€Å"the black man†, the strongest negative legacy from her mother. Thus, both Harris and Hicks use their protagonists to pr esent the human ability to overcome the emotional baggage of past relationships. The life choices of both Vianne and Hatsue, are influenced by their childhood relationships with their mothers. Harris uses â€Å"the wind song† motif â€Å"V’l l’bon vent, v’l l’joli vent†, and the pull â€Å"the moving hot wind† has for Vianne, to reveal that Vianne’s childhood â€Å"chase around Europe† left her with an inability to settle down. Her childhood also created Vianne’s interest in cooking; she refers to recipes as â€Å"signposts along (her) erratic path†. This determined her choice to run a chocolate shop, the foundation of her present lifestyle. As Vianne’s childhood directly shaped her present lifestyle, so Hatsue’s childhood governed her marriage and relationship decisions. Instead of Harris’ abstract imagery, Hicks cuts from the realistic romantic close-up of Hatsue and Ishmael together in the cedar tree, to a dialogue Hatsue has with her mother, to reveal that Hatsu e’s mother taught her â€Å"to be Japanese†, to â€Å"stay away from white boys† and â€Å"marry one of (her) own kind.† This conveys the environment in which Hatsue grew up, where racial segregation between Japanese and Anglo-Americans was accepted. Hicks portrays this segregation using a mid-shot of the school bus, where Japanese and Anglo children sit on opposite sides of the aisle. Hatsue’s understanding that her relationship with Ishmael was â€Å"wrong† for the society in which they live, and her choice to instead marry the Japanese-American Kazuo, reflects her mother’s influence and Hatsue’s recognition of this segregation. Through the influence of past racism on the victims’ present, both texts suggest that it is not only individuals who are affected by the past, but the wider community. Harris uses the minor character, Roux, to explore racial prejudices and society’s reaction to the gypsies, while Hicks uses the community’s response to minor character Kazuo’s trial to convey racial tension. Within his narrative, Reynaud recalls that as a boy he committed arson and drove the gypsies out of the village, revealing past prejudice in Lansquenet. In contrast, Hicks uses flashbacks of Hatsue’s family to reveal that thousands of Japanese were sent to prison camps as internal enemies during the Second World War. This is the basis of Kazuo’s fear that he â€Å"would be made the victim of prejudice†, which leads to his attempt to conceal evidence of his presence on Karl’s boat by removing his spare battery, ironically making himself look more guilty. Unlike the images used by Hicks, Harris relies on dialogue to reveal Roux’s fear of being victimised when he thinks he has accidentally â€Å"killed† Armande. In his panic Roux angrily tells Vianne that people â€Å"will say (he) attacked† Armande and he is afraid to go â€Å"back there†. Minor character Jolie’s wonder at â€Å"what he was doing here to reveal that there is foundation for his fear. In Snow Falling on Cedars, racism also remains. It surfaces during the crisis of the court case, where Karl’s wife comments that â€Å"you can’t read Japs†, and Kazuo’s lawyer, Nels, comments that the â€Å"prosecutor† used racism against Kazuo when he suggested that the jury â€Å"look at his face†¦ assuming (they) would see an enemy there†. Both texts reveal that the victims of past racism are affected in the present through their fear that they will again be victimised, a conviction furthered by the continued presence of racism in their society. While both authors reveal that old insecurities, resentments and fears, often drive the actions of individuals and the wider community, they imply that this negative influence on the present must be overcome. Harris reveals that Vianne cannot grow as a person until she overcomes her fear of â€Å"the black man† which stems from her childhood. Hicks reveals that Ishmael must overcome his resentment of Hatsue, so that he can save Kazuo from conviction. This allows him to overcome his sense of moral inferiority to his father and grow as an individual. In Chocolat, Reynaud serves to show the danger of never overcoming the past, which leads to his destruction, as he escapes his town Lansquenet in disguise, losing his job and purpose. Hicks uses flashbacks to reveal that within the community there is a continuation of racism from the Second World War, while Harris relies on reminiscence within Raynaud’s narration to reveal that this racism stems from the stereotypical view of gypsies as â€Å"vermin†. In both texts, minor characters are used to highlight the danger of the communities’ inability to overcome racist ideas, which, in conjunction with the struggle of individual characters with the past, compounds the authors’ message that individual and communal growth can only be achieved by overcoming the past’s destructive influence.

Critical Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Review - Article Example His main aim in writing this article is to show the role black residents of Tennessee played in the Civil War in Tennessee, and the impact their presence had on the victory of the Union army. The article is a good read, although it is riddled with a lot of facts and figures regarding the United States Colored Troops regiments. This is one of its strengths as well; the effort Lovett must have taken in writing this article is apparent by his extensive referencing as well as his quotation of figures regarding the Colored Troops regiments. At the end of the article, he has presented a fact sheet, detailing the Colored Units and their battles and engagements between the period of 1863 to 1866. This is a clear sign of his methodical research and attention to detail. Lovett also tries to capture the human emotion behind the involvement of slaves in the Union Army. He gives anecdotal references, of course well-documented, with regard to the atmosphere of Tennessee and the condition of blacks therein. The article is clear in pointing out the aversion the rebel army had to arming blacks due to the racism very much prevalent and rife in the South, and this, Lovett, points out is what caused their defeat in the end. He makes out a very good case regarding how the Union Army took the opportunity of enlisting blacks and, thus, won the war.

Purchasing and supply management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Purchasing and supply management - Essay Example purchasing. After 6 months, she faced a genuine problem in discharging her duties. One of the highest paid senior most medical staff and substantial revenue generator Dr. Spiller, almost negotiated and finalized an X-ray processor with New Age regional manager Mr. Jarvis. After finalizing the product and rate and he only called Rose silver to place a final order to purchase the X-ray processor from New Age. Now being in-charge of purchase, Rose tried to explain the things but he is not willing to listen her views at all. He was just explaining to Rose that the firm and person, whom he has finalized is the right company /person and only the said supplier will be able to supply the product as well as it’s a right kind of product. He even told Rose that companies (Supplier) regional manager Mr. Jarvis assured him that all the details has been taken care of by himself. Now Rose Silver is facing a kind of situation in which she could not use her expertise in the interest of hospita l as well as she could not be able to discharge her responsibilities properly. Dr. Spiller had tried to bully her. Now she is in dilemma about her future course of actions. Discussions: (1) Lysons (2000, P.1) defines purchasing as: â€Å"Purchasing is the function responsible for obtaining by purchase, lease or other legal means, equipment, materials, components, suppliers and services required by an undertaking for use in production or resale†. Organizational purchasing decisions are therefore far more significant in today’s competitive situation and can play a significant part in determining company’s profitability. Purchasing is critical when it represents such a large proportion of the cost. Purchasing activities involves buying decisions to ensure that the right goods are in the right place, at the right time, at a right price, at the right quality and at the right quantity. Information is an important resource to

Balanced Diet for an Adult Essay Example for Free

Balanced Diet for an Adult Essay Food is an integral part of human life providing energy for cellular activities to keep us healthy. According to World Health Organization (2013), healthy nutrition is ingesting an adequate and well balanced diet in relation to the body’s dietary needs and when combined with regular physical activities is the cornerstone to good health. A diet containing the right portions of all the five food groups of the Eatwell Plate (figure1 and appendix1 for recommended servings) known as a balanced diet will provide the organic macronutrients including proteins, carbohydrates and lipids and the micronutrients, vitamins and minerals to sustain life. Only ingested carbohydrates, proteins and lipids will count towards total caloric intake and will be digested into monomers like glucose for absorption and assimilation. National Health Service (2012) recommends daily caloric intake of 2500Kcal and 2000Kcal which will be derived from the proteins, lipids and carbohydrate sources in a diet for average adult males and females respectively. Age, sex, health condition and physical activities influence dietary needs. This essay will discuss a balanced diet for an adult including the structure, sources, functions, recommended daily allowance (RDAs), deficiency and excessive effects of the macronutrients. Also the micronutrients and water which are not considered as nutrients will be discussed. THE FOOD PYRAMID [pic]Figure1 (NHS 2011) Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. British Nutrition Foundation (2013), recommends that 47.7% (203g) and 48.5% (275g) of daily energy should come from carbohydrates for females and males respectively with 29g being roughages. Carbohydrates exist naturally or refined as monosaccharides that are reducing sugars. Monosaccharides build the complex carbohydrates, disaccharides and polysaccharides through dehydration synthesis. Monosaccharides have general formula (CH2O)n where ‘n’ determines whether pentose(5Carbons) or hexose (6Carbons). Glucose found in maple syrup, fructose in corn syrup and galactose in honey are hexose-isomers; having the same formula, C6H12O6 but different structures. The disaccharides with the general formula C12H22O11 are sucrose made from fructose and glucose, maltose from two glucose molecules and lactose from galactose and glucose. Sucrose is derived from beet sugar, lactose from milk and maltose from vinegar. The polysaccharides with general formula (C6H10O5)n where 40≠¤n≠¤3000, exist as starch or non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) which can be soluble or insoluble. Starch consists of glucose molecules joined by glycosidic bonds. The NSPs include oligosaccharide (raffinose) and cellulose (dietary fibre). Potatoes, yams and cassava are rich in starch and are very digestible. Whole grain cereals, legumes (appendix2), fruits and storage vegetables like asparagus and cabbage are rich in the NSPs. Raffinose is an indigestible trisaccharide of fructose,glucose and galactose with formula C18H32O16. Animal sources of carbohydrates are liver and scallops. Carbohydrates provide sweetness and are the primary source of energy especially for brain and blood cells. Cellular respiration converts glucose monomers into ATP. Fats cannot be oxidised without glucose. Most NSPs are partially digestible or indigestible due to lack of ÃŽ ±-galactosidae (enzyme) in GI Tract. They reduce glycaemia index and plasma cholesterol levels, increase bile acid excretion, promote normal laxation and prevent breast cancer, gallstones, haemorrhoids, and irritable bowel syndrome (Kumar et all 2012). Furthermore, Kumar (2012) concluded that excessive carbohydrates will cause dental decay, kidney damage, stroke, diabetes due to obesity and short term conditions like hyperglycaemia. Carbohydrate deficiency will cause constipation, fatigue, weak immunity, muscle cramps and ketosis; this is very rare as 50g/day of carbohydrate is needed to prevent ketosis. THE DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS TO FORM MALTOSE [pic]Figure2 EQUATION: (C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 = C12H22O11 + H2O) (Marshall University 2012) Proteins or polypeptides consist of three to 100000 or more long chains of the organic molecules called amino acids joined together by covalent peptide bonds. A protein of two amino acids is called a dipeptide. There are 20 common forms of amino acids either termed non-essential (synthesised by the liver) and essential that needs to be ingested. Proteins consist of a central carbon atom, a hydrogen atom, amino group (-NH2), Carboxylic group (-COOH) and the variable R group (figure3). The term amino acid is derived from the amino and carboxylic groups that all amino acids have in common. According Kuil (2012), principal sources of proteins are lean meat, seafood, poultry, eggs, cereals, legumes (refer to appendix3), cereals and processed food like low-fat milk. Proteins form about 45% of human body and perform the following seven essential functions: structural (hair, ligaments), contractile (muscles), transport (haemoglobin), metabolic regulation (enzymes), buffering, defence (antibodies) and coordination and control (hormones) (Martini 2006). Haemoglobin transports oxygen and a lack of protein (haemoglobin) can deny vital organs the needed oxygen for metabolism. Protein deficiency can also cause fatigue, anaemia, weak immunity, skin problems, impairment of cognition and mental health problems. Whereas excessive proteins can cause obesity, osteoporosis and kidney stones (Georgetown University 2012). About 15% of an adults’ caloric intake should come from protein equivalent to 56g and 46g for male and female respectively (Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, 2012). DEHYDRATION OF AMINO ACIDS TO FORM DIPEPTIDE PROTEINS [pic]Figure3 (Marshall University 2012) Lipids are made up of an even number of carbon from 12 to 20, oxygen, hydrogen and sometimes traces of phosphorus, sulphur or nitrogen. Lipids are grouped into 4: steroids, phospholipids, waxes and glycerides. Most of the 70 identified lipids are synthesised by the body whereas linoleic (omega6) and alpha-linolenic (omega3) acids are two essential lipids to be ingested. They are mostly insoluble due to the long chain of hydrophobic carbon-carbon end bonded to a short hydrophilic carboxyl group. The double covalent bond, (C=C) determines whether saturated (no C=C) or monounsaturated (1 C=C) or polyunsaturated (2 or more C=C). Glycerides are made up of glycerol bonded to 1 or more fatty acids by dehydration synthesis, triglyceride with 3 fatty acids is the predominant of the lipids (refer figure4). Unsaturated sources of lipids are olive oil, peanut, salmon, halibut and avocados. Saturated sources are butter, sausage and hydrogenated oil. According to British Dietetic Association (2013), adults should consume not more than 20-30g of saturated-fat with 5g or less being trans-fat since saturated lipids are high in cholesterol. The structural lipids form cell membranes. Also fat cushions and protects organs including liver, heart, and kidney, energy source; twice as much as carbohydrates and proteins, thermoregulation (insulation), sex hormones, transport vitamins and monounsaturated fat can decrease cholesterol levels (USA Department of Agriculture, 2010). Excessive consumption of lipids will lead to obesity which is characterised by high BMI as shown in appendix 2, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, colorectal cancer and diabetes, whereas deficiency will result in the body lacking the vital vitamins A,D,E and K (Schenker, 2012). DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS TO FORM TRIGLYCERIDE [pic]Figure4 (Marshall University 2012) The micronutrients, vitamins and minerals are needed in minute quantities. Minerals can be classified as major or trace of which a few are essential including sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, iron, calcium, iodine, etc. (refer to appendix4 for RDAs). According to Higdon and Drake (2011), sources of minerals are plants that derive them from the soil and move on the food chain to the herbivores like cattle that eat them. Spinach, legumes, whole grains, dairy products, red meat, soybeans, salmon, cod, iodised table salt (iodine, sodium, chlorine) and eggs are excellent sources of minerals. According to Whitley and Rolfes (2011), minerals perform the following functions: the electrolytes, sodium, potassium and chlorine transmit nerve impulses, control fluid balance (providing optimum pH for enzyme activities), control blood pressure and relax and contract muscles. Zinc, copper and selenium are antioxidants; they reduce the risk of heart diseases. Iron forms haemoglobin. Sodium and potassium coregulate ATP production. Calcium and phosphorus control blood clotting and together with magnesium build bones, teeth, maintain muscle and nerve cells. Iodine is needed for the production of thyroxin; deficiency will cause goitre. Since some minerals are coenzymes, deficiency will cause malfunctioning cellular activities (digestion, metabolism). Iron deficiency causes anaemia whereas calcium, phosphorus and magnesium (hypocalcaemia) deficiency will cause osteoporosis. Calcium, magnesium and the electrolytes deficiencies will cause weakness, muscle cramps and impaired alertness. Zinc deficiency causes diarrhoea, skin and prostate cancers. Their intake should be balanced with use and excretion as excess may cause Hyperkalaemia (potassium), kidney-stones (calcium) and hypernatremia (sodium). Vitamins are grouped into water soluble (WSV) including C and B complex vitamins; they cannot be stored and therefore, it is imperative to be part of a balanced diet, and fat soluble (FS) including vitamins K,E,D, and A; they can be stored (refer appendix 5 for RDA). Green leafy vegetables (lettuce), oranges, kiwi fruit, avocados, whole grains and cereals, banana, dairy products, liver, poultry, pork, oily fish, eggs, soybeans, chickpeas and nuts are excellent sources of the vitamins (Firth 2011). Vitamin K can be synthesised in the intestine which helps the blood clot whereas Vitamin D can be synthesised by the body using sunlight to help the absorption of calcium and phosphorus (Cranney et al (2010). Vitamins A and C build immunity. Vitamins B1,B2,B3, and biotin help release energy. Vitamin A, niacin and pantothenic acid aid the absorption and use of macronutrients monomers. Vitamin C makes collagen and enhances folate absorption. Vitamin deficiency generally causes weak immunity and osteoporosis (Vitamin D), scurvy (Vitamin C), beriberi (B1), anaemia (B12 and folate) and night blindness (Vitamin A). Excessive amounts of vitamins E and K are usually not harmful but excess A,D and the WSV which can be excreted cause kidney problems and hypercalcaemia (excess D). Excessive vitamin C causes diarrhoea (NHS 2012). In conclusion, spending excessively on supplements and creams as well as engaging in dangerous diets like the Atkins Diet are not necessary. The secret to healthy living is carefully selecting the right proportions of food from the Eatwell plate, drinking enough water in combination with regular exercises. Figure 5 and appendix 6 show functions of water. Consider the positives and negatives when selecting food products such as red meat; rich in protein but high in cholesterol whereas fatty fish enhances calcium absorption. Soybean, liver, green leafy vegetables, whole grains and legumes will provide almost all the nutrients; combine them in your diet in right proportions for optimal hormonal, metabolic, mental and physical functions of the body. It is important to consult a doctor before starting any diet as nutritional needs are affected by health and some medications affect absorption of nutrients. FUNCTIONS OF WATER IN THE BODY [pic]Figure 5 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2013 LIST OF APPENDIXES APPENDIX 1 |FOOD GROUP |SERVINGS PER DAY | |Carbohydrates including bread, pasta, rice, potatoes and other starchy foods |6-10 servings | |Fruits and vegetables |3-5 servings | |Meat, fish, eggs, beans and nuts |2-3 servings | |Milk and dairy foods |2-3 servings | |Food and drinks high in fat and/or in sugar |Use sparingly | University of Michigan Integrative Medicine, 2010 APPENDIX 2: OBESITY AND BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) |BMI |LEVEL OF OBESITY | |Below 18.5 |Underweight | |From 18.5-24.9 |Healthy Range | |From 25-30 |Pre Obese | |Above 30 |Obese | NHS, 2012 APPENDIX 3: FOOD GROUPS AND EXAMPLES |FOOD GROUP |EXAMPLES | |Legumes |Beans, Lentils, Peas, Chickpeas, French beans, Kidney , soybeans, Coco beans etc. | |Whole grains |Barley, Corn, Millet, Oats, Rice, Milo, Wheat | |Green leafy vegetables |Spinach, Broccoli, Lettuce, Cabbage, Mustard green, Kale examples | APPENDIX 4: MINERALS AND THEIR RDA |SYMBLE |SOURCES |RDA | |Na (Sodium) |Table Salt, Sea vegetables, spinach, milk |6g | |Ca (Calcium) |Salmon, Sardine, eggs, dairy products, nuts, oregano |700mg | |K (Potassium) |Spinach, legumes, tomatoes, banana, avocado, whole grains and |3500mg | | |yams | | |P (Phosphate) |Fish, poultry, oats, rice, red meat, |700mg | |Fe (Iron) |Eggs, spinach, shrimps, soybeans, lentils, tomatoes, olives, |M=8.7mg / F=4.8mg | | |tomatoes | | |Mg (Magnesium) |Spinach, soybean, sea vegetables, tomatoes, beans, brazil nuts|M=300mg / F=270mg | |I (Iodine) |Eggs, milk, fish, shellfish, yoghurt, strawberries, iodised |0.14mg | | |salt | | |Se (Selenium) |Cod, salmon, garlic, lamb, cheese, calf liver, barley, brazil |75mcg | | |nuts | | |Zn (Zinc) |Calf liver, spinach, eggs, oats, oyster, lean pork and beef, |M=5.5-9.5mg / F=4-7mg | | |asparagus | | USA Department of Agriculture / Department of Health, 2010 APPENDIX 5: VITAMINS AND THEIR RDA’S |VITAMIN |SOURCES |RDA | |Retinol (A) |Liver, fish oil, carotenoids, milk fortified |M=0.7mg / F=0.6mg | |Ascorbic acid (C) |Citrus (oranges), kiwi fruit, broccoli |40mg | |Thiamin (B1) |Liver, pork, whole grains and products |M=1mg / F=0.8mg | |Riboflavin (B2) |Liver, eggs, milk, rice, mushrooms |M=1.3mg / F=1.1mg | |Niacin (B3) |Poultry, fish, beef, peanut butter, legumes |M=17mg / F=13mg | |Pyridoxine (B6) |Liver, pork, legumes, fish, whole grains |M=1.4mg / F=1.2mg | |Cobalamin (B12) |Beef, poultry, cod, salmon, cheese, eggs |0.0015mg | |Vitamin E |Vegetable oil, green vegetables, nuts |12mg | |Folate |Broccoli, peas, asparagus, brown rice |0.2mg | |Pantothenic acid |Milk, fruits, veggies, meat, fish, grains |10mg | |Biotin |Cottage cheese, liver, eggs, peanut, grain |300mcg | |Vitamin K |Green vegetables, fruits, nuts |75mg | |Note that Vitamin K can be synthesised in the intestine whereas Vitamin D can be derived salmon, fortified cereals and juices, milk and | |sunlight (No RD A but 15minutes in the sun thrice a week is enough) | USA Department of Agriculture / Department of Health, 2010 APPENDIX 6: RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE FOR WATER |SEX |RDA FOR WATER | |MALE |3.7L with no upper limit increase with exercise to rehydrate | |FEMALE |2.7L with no upper limit increase with exercise to rehydrate and increase intake when | | |breast feeding. | INSTITUTE OF MEDICENE 2004 REFERENCE LIST ONLINE âž ¢ British Dietetic Association (2013) Food fact sheet: cholesterol [Online] Available from: http://www.bda.uk.com/foodfacts/cholesterol.pdf [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. âž ¢ British Nutrition Foundation (2013) Confusion on fat and heart health [Online]. Available from: http://www.nutrition.org.uk/nutritioninthenews/headlines/fats [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. âž ¢ Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention (2012) Nutrition for everyone: Protein [Online] Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/everyone/basics/protein.html [Accessed on 19/12/2013]. âž ¢ Cranney et al, (2007) Effectiveness and safety of vitamin D in relation to bone health [Online] Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18088161?dopt=Abstract [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. âž ¢ Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. (2004) Dietary reference intakes: Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride and Sulphate. Washington DC: Institute of Medicine. [Online]. Available from: www.iom.edu/Reports/2004/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-Water-Potassium- [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. âž ¢ Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board (2010) Dietary reference intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington DC: Institute of Medicine. [Online]. Available from: http://www.iom.edu/~/media/Files/Report%20Fil.pdf [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. âž ¢ Marshall University (2012) [Online] Available from: http://science.marshall.edu/murraye/alpha_amylase.htm [Accessed on 18/02/2013]. âž ¢ Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research [no date] Nutrition and healthy eating: functions of water in the body. [Online] Available from: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/medical/IM00594 [Accessed on 19/02/2013]. âž ¢ National Health Service (2011) [Online] Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Goodfood/Pages/eatwell-plate.aspx [Accessed on 17/02/2013]. âž ¢ National Health Service (2011) [Online] Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/3215.aspx?CategoryID=51 [Accessed on 17/02/2013]. âž ¢ National Health Service (2012) [Online] Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/1126.aspx?CategoryID=51SubCategoryID=164 [Accessed on 17/02/2013]. âž ¢ United States of America. Department of Agriculture/Department of Health and Human Services (2010), Dietary guidelines for Americans, Washington DC: US Government Printing Office. [Online] Available from: http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2010/DietaryGuidelines2010.pdf [Accessed: 19/02/2013]. âž ¢ University of Michigan Integrative Medicine (2010) Healing foods pyramid [Online] Available from: http://www.med.umich.edu/umim/food-pyramid/fats.htm [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. âž ¢ World Health Organisation (2013) [Online] Available from: http://www.who.int/topics/nutrition/en/ [Accessed: 17/02/2013]. ONLINE JOURNALS âž ¢ Kumar et all (2012) Dietary roles of non-starch polysaccharides in human nutrition: a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, Volume 52(10). [Online] Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10408398.2010.512671?url_ver=Z39.88-2003rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.orgrfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed. [Accessed on 23/02/2013]. âž ¢ Schenker S. (2012). UK recommendations for dietary fat: should they be reassessed in light of the recent FAO/WHO recommendations? Nutrition Bulletin, 37(1), pp. 37-46. [Online] Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-3010.2011.01946.x/full [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. BOOKS âž ¢ Firth L. (2011) Nutrition and diet. Issues 205, Cambridge: Independence Educational Press. âž ¢ Higdon, J. and Drake, V. J. (2011) An evidenced-based approach to vitamins and minerals: health benefits and intake recommendation. 2nd Edition. New York: Thieme. âž ¢ Kuil W. A D. (2012) Sources of dietary protein and risk of hypertension in a general Dutch population, British Journal of Nutrition, 108 (10), pp. 1897-1903. âž ¢ Martini F. H. (2006) Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology. 7th Edition. San Francisco: Pearson Education. pp. 39-58. âž ¢ Whitney, E. and Rolfes S. R. (2011) Understanding nutrition. 12th Edition. Belmont: Wadsworth. BIBLIOGRAPHY ONLINE âž ¢ British Dietetic Association (2013) Food fact sheet: sugar [Online] Available from: http://www.bda.uk.com/foodfacts/Sugar.pdf [Accessed on 20/02/02013] âž ¢ Georgetown University (2012) Proteins: what does it do? [Online] Available from: http://www.georgetown.edu/admin/auxiliarysrv/dining/nutrition/protein.html [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. âž ¢ Stoner, L et al (2012) Preventing a Cardiovascular Disease Epidemic among Indigenous Populations through Lifestyle Changes. [Online] Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3354392/ [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. BOOKS âž ¢ Blomhoff R, et al. Health benefits of nuts: potential role of antioxidants. British Journal of Nutrition. 2006; 96. âž ¢ New Zealand. Ministry of Health (2003), Food and nutrition guideline for healthy adults: a background paper, Wellington: Ministry of Health. âž ¢ Rolfes, S. R. et al (2009) Understanding normal and clinical nutrition. 8th Edition. Belmont: Wadsworth. ONLINE VIDEOS âž ¢ Dairy: essential nutrition or health saboteur? – Keon, J. (2011) [Online video]. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cp9MwjW5QX0 [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. âž ¢ Good nutrition made easy: how to grow a healthy adult Davidson, L. (2012) [Online video]. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6qAeAzreESg [Accessed on 20/02/2013].

Navigational Tools :: Websites Internet Technology Computers Essays

Navigational Tools When designing a website, a web designer must develop and create an effective way of navigating his or her website. When doing this job, the web designer must keep the principle of compensation in mind. According to authors Killingsworth and Gilbertson â€Å"in every revision of a text, something is lost and something is gained† (45). Using this principle of compensation, a web designer must realize the consequences for choosing a picture, icon, or text to represent links on his or her web page. For each one there are advantages and drawbacks, which if weighed or balanced properly can enhance that web designer’s page. Human beings by nature are visually oriented; therefore, the web designer should find a satisfactory medium between the use and placement of either text or graphics. According to Brad Bachetti in his response â€Å"Creating a Roadmap†, â€Å" If both text and graphics are used to represent the button, it is visually appealing to keep the text and g raphics of equal width. This is exemplified on the main page of the WebCT course page† (Bachetti). If we take a look at the WebCT course page, we will find this to be true. The WebCT course page also exemplifies the principle of compensation. The pictures that accompany the text not only compliment each other in width and size, but also enhance each other. Together the pictures and text convey better meaning then they would if they stood alone, thus allowing for easy navigation on the course page. Sometimes though a web designer may only want to use a picture, icon, or text to represent a link or navigational tool on a website. According to Principles of Web Design, by David and Jean Farkas, â€Å"Links must make clear their destinations the page that the link will display† (209). Using this simple principle put forth by the authors, a web designer may encounter problems when dealing with pictures and icons to represent links or navigational tools. According to Farkas, â€Å"to design links that will communicate their destination clearly, you need to think about your audience and their information needs† (Farkas 209). A picture and icon may have different connative or denotative meanings for people of a different age, gender, race, or nationality. That being stated icons and pictures have some significant advantages over text links. For example, a familiar one is processed faster, icons communicate across languages and cultures, they are visually interesting, and they often save space (Farkas 211).